യുക്തിവാദവും നിരീശ്വരവാദവും

ദൈവ വിശ്വാസത്തിനെതിരെ  ഭീഷണി മുഴക്കുന്ന ധാരാളം ചിന്താധാരകള്‍  നിലവിലുണ്ട് .യുക്തി വാദം, നിരീശ്വര വാദം,  ഭാവ്തീക വാദം ,പരിണാമ വാദം എന്നിവയാണവ . Ch-bn A[nI ]¦pw ssZhw Cà F¶ hnizmk \ntj[ Nn´-bmWv {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. aX-¯n\pw AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n\pw FXnsc Cu Nn´m-K-Xn-IÄ ssItImÀ¡p¶p F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-sa-¦nepw Ch-bpsS hàm-¡Ä t]mepw aXm-Nm-c-§Ä¡pw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw ASn-a-I-fmWv F¶Xv Hcp A{]nb kXy-am-Wv. I½yq-Wnkw `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n\pw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯n\pw Hcp t]mse {]m[m\yw \evIp-¶p. CXp {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-söpw imkv{Xo-b-a-söpw I½yq-WnÌv ssk²m-´n-I-·mÀ¡p Xs¶ Adn-bmw. sFUnânän ss{Iknkv t\cn-Sp-t¼mÄ ]nfÀ¸n\pw {]Xy-b-imkv{X ]cn-jv¡-c-W-¯n\pw \nÀº-Ôn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-s­-¶Xv I½yq-WnÌv Ncn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-t¼mÄ t_m²y-am-Ipw. C¶v ]mÀ«n AwK-§-fn _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw ssZh-hn-iz-kn-I-fm-sW¶v I½yq-WnÌv t\Xm-¡-·mÀ t]mepw Xpd¶p ]d-bp-¶p-­v.

bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ aX-¯n\v FXn-cm-sW¶v ]d-bp-sa-¦nepw bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ¡p {]tXy-I-ambn Hcp aXw Bh-iy-am-sW¶ Nn´ iàn-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. CXp kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ Nn´-Ifpw Bi-b-§fpw hnaÀi-\-§fpw \nÀt±-i-§fpw bpàn-hmZn B\p-Im-enI§fn Xs¶ FgpXnbncp-¶p. aX-hn-tcm-[hpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-t¼mÄ Xs¶ aXm-Nm-c-§fpw A\p-jvTm-\-§fpw IpSpw-_-§-fnepw kzIm-cy-Po-hn-X-¯nepw kwc-£n¨p t]mcp¶ bpàn-hmZn t\Xm-¡-·m-cp-­v. imkv{Xw ssZh-hn-izm-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-sW¶v s]¼p-¼d apg-¡p-¶-hÀ imkv{X-¯n\pw ssZh-¯n\pw X½n i{XpX Btcm-]n-¡p-¶p-­v. C¯cw {ia-§Ä¡n-S-bn NmÄkv UmÀPnsâ ]cn-Wm-a-hmZw {kjvSm-hmb ssZh-¯n\pw ssZh-¯nsâ krjvSn-IÀ½-¯n\pw FXn-sc-bpÅ Bbp-[-ambn sXmSp-¯p-hn-Sm-dp-­v. ]t£, UmÀPn³ apX C¶v Poh³ tPm_v tXmakv (]-cn-Wm-a-hmZw Xs¶ imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«nà F¶ hkvXpX ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-¯n\p t\sc Hcp shÃp-hn-fn-bmbn \ne-sIm-Åp-I-bm-Wv.

]cn-Wma hmZ-¯n ]e ]cn-jv¡m-c-§Ä CXn-t\m-SIw kw`-hn¨p Ign-ªp. tcJm-Nn-{X-§Ä ]eXp amdn amdn hc¨p {]N-cn-¸n-¨p. \nc-h[n hymP Ah-Im-ihmZ§Ä \S-¯n. C{X-sbms¡ Bbn«pw ]cn-Wm-a-hmZ¯nse ka-ky-bmbn AXnse ""ImWm-¡®n'' (an-Ên-enwKv en¦v, \jvS-s¸« I®n) Ah-ti-jn-¡p-¶p. bpàn-hm-Zn-I-fpsS BNm-cy-\m-bn-cp¶ s{]m^. F.-än. tIm^q-cn\v ]cn-Wm-a-hm-Z¯nse \jvS-s¸«p t]mb I®n Is­¯n F¶ hymP-amb Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-¯n\v tUmIvS-tdäv e`n¨p F¶v bpàn-hmZn B\p-Im-en-I-§-fn hmÀ¯-IÄ h¶n-cp-¶p. ]t£, C¶p-hsc ""ImWm-¡®n'' I­p-In-«n-bn-«nà F¶-XmWv kXyw. tImhq-cnsâ In«m¯ tUmIvS-tdäpw ]n¶oSv bpàn-hmZn hr¯-§-fn Xs¶ hnaÀi-\-¯n\pw hnhm-Z-¯n\pw hgn Hcp¡n. Ata-cn-¡-bnse an¶-tkm-«-bnÂ, bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ¡p tUmIvS-tdäp \evIn. Ahsc _p²n-Po-hn-I-fm¡n DbÀ¯n-¡m-«p¶Xn\v bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ Xs¶ ap³ssI FSp¯v Hcp IS-emkp Øm]\w {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-s­¶v Ah-km\w bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ¡p Xs¶ k½-Xn-t¡­n h¶p. Cu Øm]\-am-Wt{X s{]m^. tImhq-cn\v ""tUmIvS-tdäv'' \evIn-bXv! ae-bmfn ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³ IqsS-bmb asämcp {]apJ bpàn-hmZn t\Xmhpw tUmIvS-td-än\p th­n Cu Øm]-\s¯ kao-]n-¨n-cp-¶p-ht{X! bpàn-hm-Zw, `uXn-I-hm-Zw, \nco-iz-c-hm-Zw, ]cn-Wma hmZw XpS-§nb hnizmk \nt£[ Nn´-IÄ A{]-k-àhpw Aim-kv{Xo-bhpw F¶v hyà-am-¡-s¸«p Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p. F¦nepw Cu Nn´m-[m-c-Ifpw ]T\ hnt[-b-am-t¡-­Xv Bhiyw Xs¶.

ssZhhpw hnizm-khpw

a\p-jy³ ssZh¯nsâ krjvSn-bm-Wv. ssZh-¯nsâ krjvSn-bpsS aIp-S-amWv a\p-jy³. \Ã-h\pw alm\pw kpµ-c-\p-amb a\p-jy-\mWv ssZh-¯nsâ D¶X krjvSn-sb¶v {_mtâ Fgp-Xn. krjvSn-bmb a\p-jy\pw {kjvSm-hmb ssZhhpw X½n thÀ]n-cn-¡m-\m-hm¯ Bß-_-Ôap­v. Cu ssZhm-`n-apJyw hnizm-khpw Bcm-[-\-bp-ambn _Ô-ap-Å-Xm-Wv. ssZhw kXy-am-Wv. ""GI kXy ssZhw'' F¶v ss__nÄ ssZhs¯ hnti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. (B-h. 6:4, tbml. 17:3, 2 tbml, 5:20) ssZhw kXy-am-Wv. ]t£, ssZhs¯ kw_-Ôn¨v kXy-hn-cp-²-amb Ht«sd am\p-jn-I-amb A`n-{]m-b-§fpw [mc-W-Ifpw kaq-l-¯n {]N-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-­v. CXmWv AÔ-hn-izm-k-§-fpsS Dd-hn-Sw. Cu sXämb [mc-W-IÄ Xncp-¯p-t¼mÄ am{Xta a\p-jy-\n \n¶pw AÔ-hn-izm-k-§ÄIpSn-bn-d-§p-I-bp-Åq. ChnsS imkv{X-Úm-\-t¯m-sSm¸w ssZh-imkv{X Úm\hpw a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-am-Wv.

bYmÀ° ssZhs¯ kw_-Ôn-¨pÅ icn-bmb [mcW P\-§Ä¡pw e`n-¡-Ww. ssZhw Xnc-kv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-S¯v hymP ssZhw Ibdn IqSpw. hnizmkw CÃm-¯n-S¯v AÔ-hn-izmkw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-Spw. H¶p-In ssZhhpw hnizm-khpw AsÃ-¦n hymP ssZhhpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-hpw. CX-ÃmsX iq\y-ambn InS-¡p¶ Hcp a\Êv a\p-jy-\n-Ã. a\-Ên G´mtWm {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv AXns\ B[m-c-am-¡n-bmIpw Pohn-X-hpw. ssZh-¯n\pw hnizm-k-¯n\pw ssZh-¯nsâ krjvSn-bmb a\p-jy-\n-epÅ kzm[o\w A{X hen-b-Xm-Wv. bYmÀ° hnizm-k-¯n-tebv¡p P\w \bn-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ hymP-ssZ-hhpw AÔ-hn-izm-khpw a\pjy a\-Ên \n¶v Cd-§n-t¸m-Ipw.

krjvSn-bmb a\p-jy\pw {kjvSm-hmb ssZhhpw X½n thÀ]n-cn-bm-\m-hm¯ Bß-_-Ô-ap-s­¶v kqNn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm. a\p-jy³ ASn-Øm-\-]-c-ambn ssZh-hn-izmknbmWv. a\p-jy-\nse ià-hpw-hy-à-hp-amb ssZhm-`n-apJyw Xs¶ AXn\p sXfn-hv. a\pjy a\-Ên BZyw ]Xn-ªXv ssZh-hn-Nmcw Xs¶. AhnsS ssZh-¯nsâ ssIs¿m¸p ]Xnª ssZh-ta-J-e-bp-­v. anJm-tb tKmÀº-t¨m-hnsâ hm¡p-I-fnÂ. ""Ah-K-Wn-¡m-\m-hm¯ Hcp B´-cnI {]]-©w'' (s]-cn-kvt{Sm-bn-¡). CXp XnI¨pw Bßo-bhpam-Wv. ssZh-kv]Ài-\-¯nsâ ap{Z-bm-Wv. ssZhnI DS-a-Ø-X-bpsS AS-bm-fw. Cu ASn-Øm\ B`n-ap-Jyhpw AS-bm-fhpw a\-Ên \n¶pw amdp-I-bn-Ã. ]n¶oSv bpàn-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw I½yq-Wn-khpw Ib-dn-¡qSn F¶p Icp-Xp-I. AtXmsS a\p-jy³ bpàn-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ambn thjw amdn. Cusbmcp amä-¯n a\p-jy³ km¦-ev]n-I-ambn \nco-iz-c-hmZn F¶p ]d-bmw. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zntb Bbn-«p-Åq; Cuizc cln-X-\m-bn-«-Ã. CsXmcp XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-am-b, Bi-b-]-c-amb {]iv\w am{X-am-Wv. Ah-\nse ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb ssZhm-h-t_m[w Hcn-¡epw \jvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AX-h-\n \ne-\n-ev¡p-I-bm-Wv. a\p-jysâ AØn-Xz-t¯m-sSm¸w ssZhm-h-t_m-[hpw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶p.

bpàn-hm-Z-¯n-tâbpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯n-tâbpw I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-tâbpw ASn-bn BZyw D­m-bn-cp¶ ssZhm-h-t_m[w kpc-£n-X-ambn InS-¸p-­v. A§s\ Ct¸mÄ a\p-jy³ bpàn-hmZnbmb ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bpw, \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bmb ssZh-hn-izm-knbpw I½yq-Wn-Ìmb ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bp-ambn Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶p F¶p am{Xw! ]pd¯v A§s\ Adn-b-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ Xs¶ Ah-\nse ]gb a\p-jy³ ssZh-hn-izmkn Xs¶-bm-Wv. {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn ]gb a\p-jys\ ]qÀ®-ambpw XyPn¨v {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw XnIhp {]m]n¨ bpàn-hm-Zntbm \nco-iz-c-hm-Zntbm I½yq-WntÌm BIp-¶n-Ã. a\-Ê-dn-bmsX, `mKn-I-ambn Hcp amäw am{Xta ChnsS kw`-hn-¨n-«p-Åq.

a\-Ên X«p-¶, Ne-\-§Ä D­m-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-§Ä h¶mÂ, kml-N-cy-§-tfbpw kw`-h-§-tfbpw A\p-`-h-§-tfbpw kXy-k-Ô-ambn hnth-Nn-¡p-hm³ Ah-kcw D­m-bmÂ, Hcp ho­p hnNm-c-¯n\p hnt[-b-\m-bm Ah-\nse ssZhm-h-t_m[w ]pd-¯-dn-bpw. C¯cw A\p-`-h-§Ä C¶p [mcm-f-am-Wv. F.-hn. Bcy³ AXn-hn-¹-h-Im-cn-bmb I½yq-Wn-Ìm-bn-cp-¶p. 1967-þ70 Ime-L-«-¯n Fw.-FÂ.-F-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ `mcy I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cnbpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bp-amb kmhn{Xn Bcy³ Pohn-X-¯nsâ {]Xn-k-Ôn-bn a\Êp thZ-\n¨v \nco-iz-c-hmZw hnkva-cn¨v ssZhs¯ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n-¨p. CXn-s\-Xnsc tcmjw sIm­n«p Imcy-an-Ã. a\p-jysâ lrZ-b-¯n-sâ, a\-Ênsâ ASn-¯-«n InS-¡p¶ ssZh-hn-Nm-cs¯ CÃm-Xm-¡p-hm³ Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-¯n\pw kb³kn\pw km²y-a-Ã. tIm«-b¯v Hcp ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³ IqsS-bmb {]apJ bpàn-hmZn t\Xmhv tIcf `qjWw Hm^o-kn tPmen-bn {]th-in¨ A¶v Ccn-¡p-hm³ e`n¨ ""Id-§p¶ Itkc'' bn \n¶pw s]s«¶v NmSn Fgp-t¶äv ""C« adpXm Itkc'' amdn XcWw F¶m-h-iy-s¸«p! AÔ-hn-izm-kn-bmb bpàn-hm-Znbpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Znbpw? ssZhnI `qan-I-bn-tebv¡v NphSp amän Nhn«n \S-¡p¶ bpàn-hm-Zn-Ifpw `uXnI hmZn-Ifpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-Ifpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw C¶v hf-sc-bm-Wv. I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n AwK-am-b, tem\-j³ \¼m-Ssâ hm¡p-IÄ {i²n-¡p-I. ""Rms\mcp hnizm-kn-bmb amÀIvkn-Ìm-Wv. \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-b-Ã. ]Ån-bn t]mIpw. Rm³ Dd¨ ssZh-hn-izm-kn-bm-Wv. kpdn-bm\n It¯m-en-¡-\m-Wv. aXm-\p-jvTm\§fnseÃmw ]s¦-Sp-¡p-¶p-­v. Ignª ]Xn-\©p hÀj-ambn ]mÀ«n AwK-am-Wv. I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n Hcn-¡epw aX-¯ns\m hnizm-k-¯ns\m FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-¨n-«n-Ã. 95 iX-am\w I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-Wv.'' \¼m-S³ amÌÀ am{X-a-Ã, ]nW-dmbn hnP-b\pw inh-Zm-k-ta-t\m\pw lwkbpw hn.-F-kv.-A-Nyp-Xm-\-µ\pw ]n. tKmhn-µ-]n-Åbpw C¡mcyw Xpd¶p k½-Xn-¨n-«p-­v.

ssZh-¯n\pw aX-¯n\pw FXnsc

I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fn 95 iX-am-\hpw aX-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW¶p ]d-bp-t¼mÄ I½yq-Wnkw {]t_m-[n-¸n¨ `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw Ime-l-c-W-s¸«p F¶p a\-Ên-em-¡-Ww. 95 iX-am\w I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fn ssZh-hn-izmkw iàn-s¸«p Ignªp F¶p hyàw. Fgp-]-¯n-b©p hÀjw sIm­v {]b-Xv\n-¨n«pw ssZh-hn-izm-k-¯n\p £Xtaev]n-¡p-hm³ I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\p Ign-ªn-«p-an-Ã. ""]ptcm-ln-X-cpsS ]n´p-Wtbm au\m-\p-hm-Ztam CÃmsX CS-Xp-]-£-¯n\v iàn-bmÀÖn-hm-Ztam CÃmsX CS-Xp-]-£-¯n\v iàn-bmÀÖn-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-I-bnÃ'' F¶p tem\-¸³ \¼m-S³ ]d-bp-t¼mÄ aX-hn-izmkw A{X-I­v ià-am-sW¶v Ønco-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wv. aXt¯mSpw ssZh-hn-izm-k-t¯mSpw N§m¯w IqSp-hm³ C¶nsâ I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ Xo{h-{iaw \S-¯p-¶p-s­-¦nepw Imd amÀIvkn-tâbpw se\n-tâbpw \ne-]m-Sp-IÄ asäm-¶m-bn-cp-¶p. Imd amÀIvkv FgpXn: ""\n§Ä kÀÆ-i-ànbpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v ssZhw F¶ Bi-bs¯ IqsS D·q-e\w sN¿-Ww. c­p Imc-W-§-fm a\pjy {]IrXn amdn-t¸m-bn. H¶v kzImcy kz¯v. c­m-a-t¯Xv aX-t_m-[w. kzIm-cy-kz-¯p-Sa a\p-jys\ hyh-km-tbm-S-a-Ø-tâbpw aX-t_m[w a\p-jys\ ssZh-¯n-tâbpw ASn-a-bm-¡n. Bb-Xn-\m kzImcy kz¯p-S-a-tbbpw Cuiz-c-t_m-[-t¯bpw X¨p-S-bv¡p-I. At¸mÄ a\p-jy³ kzX-{´-\m-Ipw, Ah-s\mcp ssZh-am-Ipw.'' {^U-dn¡v GwKÂkv FgpXn: ""I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ AkvXn-Xz-¯n Hcp {kjvSm-hns\m \nb-´m-hnt\m Øm\-an-Ã.'' se\nsâ hm¡p-IÄ {i²n¡p: ""amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ XXz-]-c-amb ASn-Øm\w amÀIvkpw GwKÂkpw BhÀ¯n¨p {]kvXm-hn-¨-Xp-t]mse Ub-e-IvSn-¡Â saäo-cn-b-en-kwþ hÀ¤-ssh-cp-²ym-[n-jvTnX ]ZmÀ°hmZw BIp-¶p. Cu ]ZmÀ°-hm-Z-am-I-s«, ]cn-tOZw \nco-iz-c-]-chpw hn«p-ho-gvN-bn-Ãm¯ hn[w kÀÆ-aX hncp-²-hp-am-Wv.'' ""amÀIvkn-kw, saäo-cn-b-enkw ]ZmÀ°-hmZw AYh `uXnI hmZw BIp-¶p. B \ne-bn AXv aX-¯n-s\-Xn-cmbn kÔn CÃm¯ hn[w kacw \S-¯pw.''

""Bßm-hn''s\ sh«n-am-äp-Itbm?

`uXn-I-hmZw FSp¯p ]dªv ""hyàn'' bn \n¶pw ""Bßm-hns\'' sh«n-am-än. a\p-jys\ shdpw `uXn-I-\m¡n sh«n-¨-pcp-¡n. tZlw, tZln, Bßmhv F¶o {Xnhn[ `mh-§Ä DÄt¨À¶-XmWv a\p-jy³. a\p-jy-\nse Bßm-hns\ \ntj-[n-¨p. AtXmsS ssZhw, hnizm-kw, hnip-²n, Bßob aqey-§Ä, ac-Wm-\-´c PohnXw XpS-§nb bmYmÀ°y-§Ä Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p. ssZh-¯n-s\-Xnsc I½yq-Wn-Ìp-ImÀ bp²w XpS-§n. \nco-iz-c-hmZw Cu HutZym-Kn-I-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡-s¸-«p. ssZhw Csöv imkv{Xo-b-amtbm {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-amtbm sXfn-bn-¡p-hm³ km²y-a-sÃ-¦nepw I½yq-Wnkw ssZh-¯n\pw ssZh-hn-izm-k-¯n\pw FXnsc FSp¯ \ne-]mSv iàhpw {Iqchpw ITn-\hpw bpàn-hn-cp-²-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1917þse HIvtSm-_À hn¹hw djy-bnse ss{IkvXh k`bv¡p \evIn-bXv Ipcnipw apÄ¡n-co-Shpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ""e£yw amÀ¤s¯ \ymbo-I-cn-¡p¶p'' F¶ \ne-]m-Sm-bn-cp-¶p. I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-tâ-Xv. `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v GXp amÀ¤hpw kzoI-cn¡mw F¶p h¶p.

tKmÀ_-t¨mhpw s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn-¡bpw

1989-þ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bmbn tKmÀ_-t¨hv sXcsªSp¡-s¸«t¸mÄ AXn Hcp ssZhnI \ntbmKw D­m-bn-cp-¶p. `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n\pw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯n\pw H¶mw Øm\w \evIp-¶Xpw ssZh-¯n\p {]th-i\w \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-«-Xp-amb tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\nse ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-bpsS sXc-sª-Sp-¸n F´p ssZhnI \ntbmKw? ssZhw CS-s]«p F¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv, ]n¶o-Sp-­mb kw`-h-hn-Im-k-§Ä hnfn¨p ]d-ª-Xv. Imd amÀIvkn \n¶pw Gsd hyXy-kvX-\mWv {InkvXp F¶v tKmÀ_n Xncn-¨-dn-ªp. amÀIvkn\v ImWp-hm³ Ign-bmsX t]mbXv {InkvXp hfsc t\cs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw {]t_m-[n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p-sh-¶Xv tKmÀ_n a\-Ên-em-¡n. a\p-jysâ apgp-h³ {]iv\-§-fp-ambpw {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Ignbpw F¶p I­-tXmsS tKmÀ_n {InkvXp-hn\p \evInb Øm\w amÀIvkn\p apI-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p. I½yq-Wnkw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯nsâ _Ô-\-¯n-em-sW¶ t_m[hpw tKmÀ_nsb Akz-Ø-\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. F¦nepw At±-l-¯nsâ Nn´-I-fnepw Fgp-¯p-I-fnepw {]kw-K-§-fnepw kw`m-j-W-§-fnepw {InkvXphpw amÀIvkpw amÀIvkpw {InkvXphpw C§s\ amdn amdn h¶p sIm­n-cp-¶p. \mkvXn-I-\mb tKmÀ_n-bn ià-amb ssZhm-`n-apJyw {]I-S-ambn hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

tKmÀº-t¨m-hnsâ ho­p-hn-Nmcw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ ]pXnb Nn´-bm-Wv. ""s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn-¡.''1988 sabv amk-¯n tNÀ¶ ]mÀ«n tbmKw s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn¡ F¶ \qX\ kn²m-´-¯n\v ]qÀ® cq]w \evIn. I½yq-Wnkw F¶ {]Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw tkmhn-bäv bqWn-bsâ I½yq-WnÌp `c-W-kw-hn-[m-\hpw Hcp t]mse s]mfn-¨-S-¡p¶ A\p-`-h-amWv ]n¶o-Sp-­m-b-Xv. ssZh-hn-izm-k-¯n\v FXnsc \ne-\n¶ \ntcm-[\w \o¡n, aX-¯n\p kzmX{´yw e`n-¨p. s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn-¡-bpsS i_vZw HSp-hn-sem-Sp-hn `uXn-I-hm-Z-¯n-tâbpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Z-¯n-tâbpw ac-W-a-Wn-bmbn amdn. hniz-{]-kn-²-amb s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn-¡-bnse ssZhm-`n-apJyw {i²n-¡p¶hÀ¡p Xncn-¨-dn-bphm³ km[n-¡pw. tKmÀ_n FgpXn: ""Hcp hyàn-bpsS B´-cnI temIs¯ am\n-¡p-Ibpw Ah\v [mÀ½n-I-ambn Icp¯v \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm­v hyànsb Bßo-b-ambn DbÀ¯pI F¶-XmWv C¶v R§-fpsS {][m\ tPmen.'' ""I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Im-cmb R§Ä ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse a\p-jy³ shdp-samcp ]ZmÀ°-a-Ã. Ah³ Bßm-hp-Å-h-\m-Wv. Ah³ Bßo-b-\m-Wv. Ah-\n Bßm-hp-­v. `uXnI hmZ-¯n\p ImWm³ Ign-bmsX t]mb Hcp B´-cnI temIw Ah-\n D­v.'' ""s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn¡''tbmSp IqSn, ssZh-¯n\p \ntcm-[\w \ne-\n¶ tkmhn-bäv bqWn-b-\n ssZhw Xncn-s¨-¯n. Pohn-¡p-Ibpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ ssZh-¯n-\p-th-­n, cmPy-¯nsâ Ihm-S-§Ä am{X-a-Ã, P\-X-bpsS lrZb Ihm-S-§fpw Xpd-¡-s¸-«p. I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ Xd-bn-emWv `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw hfÀ¶p h¶-Xv. I½yq-Wnkw ]cm-P-b-s¸-«-tXmsS \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw ]cm-Pbw Gäp-hm-§n. I½yq-Wn-k-amWv bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\s¯ hfÀ¯n-b-sX¶pw bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯nse BZy-Ime {]hÀ¯-Icpw AwK-§fpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-I-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw bp.-I-em-\m-Ys\ t]mepÅ bpàn-hmZn t\Xm-¡-·mÀ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-­v. Cu shfn-s¸-Sp-¯-ens\ asämcp hn`mKw bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ XÅn-¸-d-ªn-«p­v F¦nepw kXyw Iem-\m-Y³ Fgp-Xn-bXp Xs¶. bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ Bi-b-t¯mSpw {]hÀ¯-\-ssi-entbmSpw I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n tbmPn-¡p-¶n-söv C.-Fw.-F-kv, ]nW-dmbn hnP-b³ F¶n-hÀ hyà-am-¡n-bn«pw D­v. C.-Fw.-Fkpw CS-a-dpIpw X½n ap¼p \S¶ Hcp kwhmZw ChnsS HmÀ¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. bm{´nI bpàn-hm-Z-¯n-s\-Xnsc I½yq-WnÌp ssk²m-´nI\mbn-cp¶ C.-Fw.-Fkv \¼q-Xn-¸mSv bpàn-hm-Zhpw I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw F¶ {KÙ-¯n ià-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¡p-¶p­v (1984). I½yq-Wn-khpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hmZw ASn-Øm\ {]t_m-[-\-ambn DbÀ¯n-¡m-«m-dp-s­-¦nepw I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bnepw bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯nepw AwKXzw t\Sp¶Xn\v Cuiz-c-hn-izmkw \ntj-[n-¡-W-sa¶pw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw c­p {]Øm-\-§-fp-tSbpw `cW LS-\-I-fn tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. \nco-iz-c-hmZw imkv{Xo-b-ambn sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hnà F¶ Xncn-¨-dn-hmWv bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯n-tâbpw I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bp-tSbpw `c-W-L-S-\-IÄ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p¶Xv.

bpàn-hm-Zhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw

F´mWv bpàn-hmZw? tIc-f-¯nse bpàn-hm-Z {]Øm\-¯nsâ Øm]I t\Xm-¡-·m-cn {]ap-J-\mb Ipän-¸pg Fgp-Xp¶p: ""Cw¥o-jn dmj-W-enkw F¶ hm¡n\v ae-bm-f-¯n km[m-cW ]dªp hcp¶ t]cm-WtÃm bpàn-hm-Zw. Cu ]Zw sIm­v hnh-£n-XmÀ°w th­p-thmfw shfn-hm-¡p¶ ØnXn¡v CXnsâ hymI-c-Whpw hyp¸-¯nbpw aäpw icntbm sXtäm F¶v At\z-jn¨v kabw If-tb-­-Xn-Ã. bpànsb AYhm \ymbs¯ Ah-ew-_n¨p sIm­pÅ hmZ-amWv bpàn-hmZw F¶v GhÀ¡pw Adn-bm-hp-¶XmWv.'' bpàn-hm-Z-¯n\v bpàn-bp-à-ambn \nÀÆ-N-\tam hni-Zo-I-c-Wtam \evImsX Ipän-¸pg hn«p \nev¡p-I-bm-Wn-hn-sS. hymI-c-Whpw hyp¸-¯nbpw At\z-jn-¨pÅ bm{Xsb \ntcm-[n-¡p¶ At±lw XoÀ¯pw efn-X-amb Hcp hni-Zo-I-cWw \evIn kwXr-]vX-\m-Ip¶p: ""bpànsb AYhm \ymbs¯ Ah-ew-_n-¨pÅ hmZ-amWv bpàn-hm-Zw.'' Ipän-¸p-gbpw CS-adp ]h-\\pw bpàn-hmZw F´mWv? F¶-Xn\p IrXy-ambpw bpàn-bp-à-ambpw adp-]Sn ]dbphm³ {ian-¡msX aq¶p hgn-I-fn-tebv¡p Xncnªp t]mhp-I-bm-Wv.

""Imc-W-§-fn-ÃmsX Imcy-§-fp-­m-hnà F¶ Nn´m-KXn XXz-Nn-´m-]-c-ambn hfsc {]m[m\yw AÀln-¡p¶ H¶m-Wv. Imc-W-§sf At\z-jn-¡p¶ Nn´m-]-²-Xn-bmWv bpàn-hm-Zw. AXns\ Imc-Wm-t\z-jW hmZ-sat¶m tlXp-hm-Z-sat¶m ]d-bp-¶-Xm-bn-cn¡pw IqSp-X icn. Adnhv icntbm sXtäm F¶v \nÝ-bn-¡m-\pÅ icn-bmb hgn Imcy-Imcy hnNn-´-\-am-sW¶ hkvXp-X-bbmWv bpàn-hmZw F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. bmYmÀ°yw AlIe-am-sW¶pw AXn\p bpàn-k-l-amb LS\m ZrV-X-bp-s­¶pw bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ Icp-Xp-¶p. bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ¡p F´n\pw sXfn-hp-­m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. F¶m AhÀ A\p-`-ssh-I-hm-Z-¯n\v FXn-cm-Wv. Adnhv A\p-`-hs¯ am{Xw B{i-bn-¨n-«pÅXsöpw a\p-jysâ Imcy-Imcy hnth-N-\-i-àn¡v A\p-`-h-¯n-\-¸pdw DÅ Adnhv Is­-¯m³ Ign-bp-sa¶pw bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ Icp-Xp-¶p. bpàn-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \ne-]mSv Gähpw \à \ne-bn hyà-am-Ip-¶Xv Adn-hns\ kw_-Ôn¨v kn²m-´-§-tfm-SpÅ Ah-cpsS kao-]-\-¯n \n¶m-Wv. a\p-jysâ Adn-hn\v ]eXpw A\p-`-hm-Xo-X-am-Wv. C{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§Ä \½n A¼-c¸pw Bi-b-¡p-g-¸-hp-am-Wp-­m-¡p-¶-Xv. A\p-`-h-ssh-I-hm-Zn-IÄ FÃm kXy-§fpw C{µn-bm-\p-`-h-§-fn IqsS am{Xta Adn-bm³ Ignbq F¶p iTn-¡p-¶p. Cu hmZw icn-b-sÃ-¶-Xn\p bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ \nc-¯n-sh-bv¡p¶ sXfn-hp-IÄ A\n-tj-[y-§-fm-Wv. kmÀh-{Xn-I-ambn AwKo-Imcw e`n¨ hkvXp-X-I-fn ]eXpw kn²m-´-]-c-amb Úm\w sIm­v D­m-b-Xm-Wv. A\p-`hw sIm­v Ahsb sXfn-bn-¡p-Itbm AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Itbm sNt¿­ Bh-iy-an-Ã. ""aq¶v'' F§s\ ]d-ªmepw ""aq¶v'' Xs¶. CXn A\p-`-h-¯nsâ {]iv\ta CÃ. Hmtcm hyàn-bpsS a\-Ênsâ ØnXnbpw Ignhpw hyXy-kvX-am-I-bm A\p-`hw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. AXp-sIm­v A\p-`-h-¯n \n¶v DÄs¡m-Åm-hp¶ Adnhpw hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cn-¡pw. CXns\ Adnhv F¶v hnfn-¡mtam F¶ Imcyw Xs¶ kwi-b-amWv F´mWv bpàn-hmZw F¶p hni-Zo-I-cn¨p sIm­v ]h-\³ C§s\ FgpXn t]mIp-¶p. CS-a-dp-Insâ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. ""bpàn-hmZ cmjv{Sw'' Øm]n-¡pI F¶ e£y-¯n-em-Wv. At±lw I½yq-Wn-ks¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶p-ap-­v.

]h-\-tâbpw Cu adp-In-tâbpw bpàn-hmZ ZÀi-\-§sf C.-Fw.-F-kv. \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv hnaÀin-¡p-¶p-­v. C.-Fw.-Fkv Fgp-Xp-¶p: ""bpànhmZw amÀIvkn-k-¯n\p ]Icw sh¡p¶ Hcp Nn´m-]-²-Xn-b-söv ]h-\³ ]d-bp-¶p. BsW-¶v, amÀIvkn-k-¯n\pw D]-cn-bmb Hcp ]²-Xn-bm-sW¶v CS-a-dpIv BW-bn-«p-¶p. CS-a-dpIv C´y³ bpàn-hmZn kwL-¯nsâ {]-kn-Uâm-Wv. ]h-\³ AXnsâ sshkv {]kn-Uâm-Wv. bpàn-hmZn kwL-S-\sb Hcp kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-bm-b-Ã, cmjv{Sob kwL-S\bmbn-¯-s¶-bmWv CS-a-dpIp ImWp-¶-Xv. Bß-\n-jvT-ambn ]h-\³ AXn-t\mSp tbmPn-¡p-¶pthm CÃtbm F¶Xv At±-l-¯n\p am{Xta Adn-bm-hq. F¶m hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn t\m¡p-t¼mÄ At±-lhpw C´y³ bpàn-hm-Zn-kw-L-¯nepw tIcf bpàn-hmZn kwL-¯nepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Ah-cpsS kl-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw (amÀIvkn-Ìp-Im-c-S-¡w) CS-a-dpIv {]`r-Xn-I-fpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-epÅ "amÀIvknÌv hncp²' cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\s¯ iàn-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-kv. \¼q-Xncn¸mSnsâ hnaÀi-\-¯n \n¶pw a\-Ên-em-¡m-hp¶ Nne hkvXp-X-I-fp-­v. bpàn-hmZn {]Øm\w `n¶n¨p amdn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. t\Xm-¡-·mÀ¡v ]c-kv]-c-[m-c-Wsbm A`n-{]mb sFIytam CÃ. bpàn-hmZw F´v? F¶ ASn-Øm\ tNmZy-¯n\p t]mepw hyXy-kvX-§-fmb adp-]-Sn-I-fm-Wp-Å-Xv. bpàn-hm-Z-¯nsâ ASn-Øm\ {]-t_m-[-\-amb \nco-izc hmZhpw `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw ssIhn«p t]mbn-cn-¡p-¶p. bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ e£yw cmjv{So-b-ambn A[x-]-Xn-¨p. I½yq-Wn-khpw bpàn-hm-Zhpw X½n hSn-Ip¯n ]ncn-ªp. bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI apJw \jvS-s¸«p!

{Ko¡p ZmÀi-\n-I-cmb ]nY tKmd-kv, tkm{I-«okv, AcntÌm«nÂ, t¹täm XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS Nn´-I-fn \n¶mWv bpàn-hmZw cq]-s¸-«Xv F¶p bpàn-hm-Zn-IÄ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p-s­-¦nepw Cu ZmÀi-\n-I-cpsS ZÀi-\-§Ä \mkvXn-I-]-chpw `uXn-I-hm-Z-]-c-hp-am-sW¶v sXfn-bn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. 16, 17 \qäm-­p-I-fn Bcw-`n¨ B[p-\nI bpàn-hmZw AXnsâ hfÀ¯-¨-·m-cmbn sd\n Zv ImÀs¯ (1590-þ1650) kv]nt\mk (1632-þ1677) sse_v\nÕv (1636-þ1716) XpS-§n-b-hsc Nq­n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. Ch-cpsS ZÀi-\-§-fn Ds­¶p ]d-bp¶ `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw kwi-bm-kv]-Z-am-Wv.-C.-Fw.-F-knsâ hm¡p-I-fn ""As¶ms¡ kmam-\y-_p-²n-bp-sSþ bpàn-bp-sSþ ASn-Øm-\-¯n {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw {]Jym-]-\-§fpw \S-¯mt\ Ign-ªn-«p-Åq.'' ]co-£-Wm-ßI imkv{X-¯nsâ ]n³_-e-an-Ãm¯ Ah-cpsS ZÀi-\-§Ä ]Iz-X-{]m-]n¡m¯ shdpw Ip«n¯ Pev]-\-§Ä am{X-am-Wv. tIc-f-¯n ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸\pw cma-hÀ½ X¼m\pw Fw.-kn.-tPm-k^pw Ipän-¸p-gbpw tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb ]cn-hÀ¯\w e£yw sh¨p-sIm­v bpàn-hmZ Bi-b-§Ä {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-hm³ XpS-§n. CS-a-dpIp XpS-§n-b-hÀ bpàn-hmZ Bi-b-§-fpsS kwL-S\m hXv¡-c-W-¯n-\mWv {ian-¨-Xv. Fw.-kn. tPmk^v bpàn-hmZn kwL-¯n AwKXzw FSp-¯n-Ã. Fw.-kn. tPmk-^ns\ I]-S-bp-àn-hmZn F¶v CS-ap-dpIp hnaÀin-¨p. CS-ap-dp-¡ns\ Ah-k-c-hmZn F¶pw bpàn-hmZn {]Øm-\s¯ XIÀ¯Xv CS-a-dpImsW¶v aäp bpàn-hmZn t\Xm-¡Ä CubnsS FgpXn I­p. bpàn-hmZn {]Øm\w C¶v XIÀ¶p Xcn-¸-W-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Hcp hkvXpX Xncn-¨-dn-bp-I. bpàn, Nn´, _p²n F¶nh bpàn-hmZn kwL-¯n AwKXzw FSp-¡p-t¼mÄ e`n-¡p-¶-X-Ã. Ah ssZhoI Zm\-§-fm-Wv. bpàn-hm-Z-aà Bhiyw bpàn-t_m-[tam bpàn-hn-Nm-ctam BWv. Ata-cn-¡-bnse an¶-tkm-«-bnse Hcp IS-emkp Øm]-\-¯n \n¶pw Hcp hymP tUmIvS-tdäp In«n-bm Adn-hnsâ kÀÆÚ ]oTw Ibdn F¶v kzbw Icp-X-cp-Xv. Adn-hn\v A\p-`-h-ambn_Ô-ap-­v. bpàn-hmZn ssZhw Csöp ]d-sª¶p hcpw. AX-hsâ _nÊn-\-Êm-Wv. F¶n«pw bpàn-hmZn Nne-t¸m-sgms¡ ssZhw Ds­¶v ]dªp t]mIp-¶p. bpàn t_m[tam bpàn-hn-Nm-ctam D­v. Hcp _p²n-Po-hn¡pw ssZhw Csöp ]d-bm-\m-hn-Ã. AhÀ ssZhs¯ A\p-`-hn-¨-dn-bp-¶p. Ah-cpsS a\-Ên BZyw ]Xnª ssZhm-h-t_m[w AhÀ sXm«-dn-bp-¶p. bpàn-t_m-[-apÅ Bßo-b-\mWv Hcp ssZh hnizm-kn.

IS-sa-Sp-¯Xv Gsd

ss__n-fn \n¶pw {InkvXp-hnsâ {]t_m-[-\-§-fn \n¶pw BZna ss{IkvXh kaq-l-¯nsâ amXr-I-bn \n¶pw al-¯mb ktµ-i-§Ä IS-sa-Sp¯v (]p-d. 16:11-þ18, At¸m, {]\r-¯n. 2:44-þ47, 4:32-þ35, tdma. 15:27, 2 sIm-cn. 8: 13-þ15) Imd amÀIvkv kz´w Bi-b-¯n DÄtNÀ¯v I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v cq]w \evIn. A\o-Xns¡Xnsc, Xn·-bvs¡-Xnsc {InkvXp ià-ambn {]Xn-I-cn-¨p. temIw I­n-«pÅ Gähpw henb hn¹-h-Im-cn-sb¶pw tkmjy-en-s̶pw {InkvXp-hns\ Ncn{Xw hnti-¸n-¡p-¶p. C¶s¯ amÀIvkn-b³ cmjv{Sob {]kw-K-§-fn t]mepw {InkvXp-hnsâ hm¡p-IÄ ssien-I-fmbn ]3-Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«p. ss__n-fnse ]pXnb \nb-ahpw BZn-Ime ss{IkvXh kaq-l-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw hmbn-¨n-«pÅ GwKÂkv ]d-bp-¶Xv: ""Cu IrXn-IÄ temI I½yq-WnÌp {]Øm-\-¯nse {]i-kvX-cmb GtXm Fgp-¯p-ImÀ Fgp-Xn-bXp t]mse tXm¶pw'' F¶m-Wv. BZn-a-Ime ss{IkvXh IrXn-I-fn-tebpw I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-tebpw kmZr-iy-amWv A§s\ Hc-`n-{]mbw {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ GwKÂkns\ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xn. BZna ss{IkvXh k`bpw ]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm-­nse sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw X½n-epÅ kmZr-iys¯ GwKÂkv H¶n-tesd {]mhiyw FSp¯p Im«n-bn-«p­v (Marx and Engels on religion 180-186, 275-300). Class struggles in France 1848-50 F¶ amÀIvknsâ IrXn¡v GwKÂkv Fgp-Xnb Ah-Xm-cn-I-bnepw C¡mcyw {]tXyIw ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p-­v.

ss__n-fn-tâbpw {InkvXp-hn-tâbpw BZna ss{IkvXh kaq-l-¯n-tâbpw kzm[o\w ""I½yq-Wnk'' ¯n {]I-S-am-Wv. 1516-þse kÀ tXmakv aqdnsâ Dt«m-¸nb F¶ IrXnbpw 1623-þse sUman\n ¡³ k\ym-kn-bmb tXmakv Im_s\sÃbpsS Civitar solisF¶ IrXnbpw Imd amÀIvkns\ kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-­v. hÀ¤-c-lnX kaq-l-t¯bpw tkmjy-en-k-t¯bpw kz]v\w I­p sIm­pÅ al-¯mb ss{IkvXh IrXn-I-fm-Wn-h. amÀ«n³ eqY-dnsâ Bi-b-§fpw amÀIvkn-t\bpw GwKÂknt\bpw Bg-¯n kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-­. ss{IkvX-hn-I-X-bp-tSbpw B²ym-ßn-I-X-bp-tSbpw kv]Ài-ap-­m-bn-cp¶ Imd amÀIvknsâ Nn´-I-fn `uXn-I-hm-Zhpw \nco-iz-c-hm-Zhpw Ib-dn-¡q-Sn-bXv F§-s\-bmWv? 1836-þ _Àen³ kÀÆ-I-em-im-e-bn hnZymÀ°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Imd amÀIvkns\ PÀ½³ XXz-im-kv{X-Ú-\mb slK-ensâ sFUn-b-enkw BIÀjn-¨-Xv. 1841-þ tUmIvS-td-än\p th­n kaÀ¸n-¨Xv Utam{Inäkn-tâbpw Fjn¡pkntâbpw {]IrX XXz-im-kv{X-§Ä X½n-epÅ Xmc-Xay ]T\w F¶ {]_-Ô-am-bn-cp¶p. amÀIvknsâ Ub-e-IvSn-¡Â saän-cn-b-en-k-¯n\v slK-ensâ Ub-e-IvSn-¡Â sFUn-b-en-k-t¯mSp _Ô-ap-­-sÃm. tUmIvS-d Xoknkv X¿m-dm-¡p¶ kml-N-cy-amWv amÀIvkns\ \nco-iz-c-hm-Zþ `uXn-I-hmZ XXz-Nn-´-I-fn-tebv¡v hgn Xncn¨p hn«-Xv. PÀ½-\n-bn epUzn¡v ^yqbÀ _m¡nsâ Nn´-Ifpw aX-\n-tj-[-¯n\p t{]mÕm-l-\-am-bn. Hcp Imcyw hyà-am-Wv, Imd amÀIvkv {]Xo-£n-¡m-¯Xp ]eXpw "amÀIvknk' ¯n kw`-hn-¨p. At±lw Xpd¶p ]dªp: ""Rm³ Hcp amÀIvkn-Ì-Ã.'' (One thing is Rertain, I am not a marxist). GwKÂkv C¡mcyw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-­v. 1855-þ e­-\n sh¨v ss{IkvXh k`-bvs¡-Xn-sc-bpÅ Hcp {]kw-K-¯n Imd amÀIvkv ]dªp: ""{InkvXp aX-¯nse km£m ]cn-ip-²³ ({In-kvXp) km[m-cW a\p-jy-cpsS Bßm-hnsâ c£-bv¡mbn kzbw _en-bÀ¸n-¨p...'' AsXmcp Ncn-{X-bm-YmÀ°y-am-Wv. {InkvXp am\-h-cm-in¡p th­n {Iqin-¡-s¸-«p. GI ]cn-ip-²s\ {Iqin¨p sIm¶p. Ncn-{X-]-c-amb Cu Bßob kXys¯ ]ZmÀ°-hm-Z-¯n\p ]pd-¯n-d¡n \ndp-¯p-hm³ amÀIvkv ]cn-{i-an-¨-Xn-\m-emWv I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ ]cm-P-b-¯n\p hgn Hcp-§n-b-Xv. 1956-þ _À{S­v dk ""Rm³ F´p-sIm­v amÀIvkn-ÌÃ?'' F¶ Hcp {]_Ôw cNn-¨p. AXp hniz-{]-kn-²-am-bn. AXp-hgn _À{S­v dk amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ià-\mb hnaÀi-I-\mbn Adn-b-s¸-«p. amÀIvknkw anYy-bm-sW¶pw AXv Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-sW¶pw dk kaÀ°n-¨p. Iyq_-bnse ^nU Imkv t{Sm ]dªp: ""{InkvXp bYmÀ° tkmjy-en-Ìm-Wv.''

kv]ncn-Nz s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn¡

ASp¯ Ime¯v anJm-tb tKmÀ_-t¨hv AÊo-kn-bnse hnip² {^m³kn-knsâ I¯o-{U kµÀin-¡p-Ibpw AhnsS {]mÀ°\m \nc-X\mbn kabw Nne-h-gn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-¯nsâ aIÄ Cdn-bbpw H¸w D­m-bn-cp-¶p. CXn\p km£yw hln¨ temI am²ya {]Xn-\n-[n-I-tfmSv tKmÀ_-t¨mhv A`n-am-\-]qÀÆw hyà-am¡n: ""Rm³ {InkvXp hnizm-kn-bm-Wv.'' tKmÀ_-t¨m-hnsâ AÊokn kµÀi-\-t¯bpw hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-t¯bpw Cäm-en-b³ ]{X-§Ä hnti-jn-¸n-¨Xv ""kv]ncn-Nz s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn¡'' F¶m-Wv. I½yq-Wn-k-¯n\v Hcp kv]ncn-Nz s]cn-kvt{Sm-bn¡ Bh-iy-ambncn¡p-¶p. AÃmsX \ne-\n-ev]n-Ã.
                                                         ( sP.-kn.-tZhv )

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